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<p>这篇文章写于2009年，作者是T. L ́aszl ́o 和  ́ A. Kiss，是一切Ollvm技术的初始，在不少博客和文章中均有提及。将顺序的流程变为利用switch-case这种分支判断的扁平运行，给软件逆向增加难度。目前看到最多的使用环境是加密Android的C++ NDK程序库。</p>
<p>OLLVM（Obfuscator-LLVM）是瑞士西北应用科技大学安全实验室于2010年6月份发起的一个项目，该项目旨在提供一套开源的针对LLVM的代码混淆工具，以增加逆向工程的难度。</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" href="https://security.tencent.com/index.php/blog/msg/112">腾讯应急安全响应中心-利用符号执行去除控制流平坦化</a></p>
<p><a href="">看雪社区-控制流平坦化的实现</a></p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/b7a34f08ace78bce581479be23d9fa2a.png" alt="title"></p>
<h2 id="摘要"><a href="#摘要" class="headerlink" title="摘要"></a>摘要</h2><p>利用混淆技术保护 C++ 源代码，并在文章中给出一个能把程序复杂度提高5倍，且并不影响原有功能的技术原型方案。</p>
<p>实现平坦化的方法：将代码分成多个基本块（就是case代码块）和一个入口块，为每个基本块编号，并让这些基本块都有共同的前驱模块和后继模块。前驱模块主要是进行基本块的分发，分发通过改变switch变量来实现。后继模块也可用于更新switch变量的值，并跳转到switch开始处。</p>
<p>引用一下腾讯安全的图</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/edb6503fb5ad1d3e4c47d071f3c67c2b.png" alt="Ollvm运行图"></p>
<h2 id="正文"><a href="#正文" class="headerlink" title="正文"></a>正文</h2><p>混淆技术的要点在于：修改程序，使其逆向结果阅读困难，却不影响正常程序运行</p>
<p>最简单的混淆方式是布局转换（layout transformation）,去除符号表，注释与调试信息</p>
<p>另外一种方式是数据混淆：修改数据结构，修改变量的可见性重构数组</p>
<p>第三类是修改控制流转换算法，也就是本文的Ollvm</p>
<p>要实现这个目的，第一步需要把程序主体分解成块状，在每个块状后面设置条件转向（使用Switch语句）</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/88ba7b5f489fb28b9df40e6b9e0b8a3f.png" alt="效果图"></p>
<p>而对于break,需要强行增加switch以提高拆分粒度。</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/61f3013961c387a831923c78cd954a26.png" alt="while的解决方案"></p>
<p>C++的try-catch异常处理机制也是难题，异常条件在不确定时间点的抛出也会影响程序的运行顺序。文章给的解决方案是用try-switch加goto的方案解决。把try包到最大的switch里头，没有异常就直接回到起始点，出现异常就跳出switch。</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/261078e0acb1fe6aff03ab9d758da11a.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<h3 id="在C-语言上实现的难题"><a href="#在C-语言上实现的难题" class="headerlink" title="在C++语言上实现的难题"></a>在C++语言上实现的难题</h3><blockquote>
<p>“breaking loops to basic blocks is not equal to simply splitting the head of the loop from its body”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>像while, do 和 for这些循环操作，可能会发生错误，写在初始点的判断条件也要做出修改，而原本的switch分支也很难处理。就算这些语句不做额外处理，里面的break与continue也会造成麻烦。</p>
<p>对于switch分支，Duff给出的解决方案</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/922fd9d8ab1971dabc349d876ab5b3ca.png" alt="Duff advice"></p>
<h3 id="运行流控制算法"><a href="#运行流控制算法" class="headerlink" title="运行流控制算法"></a>运行流控制算法</h3><p>用伪代码描述流程，查看规则如下</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">bold words mark the keywords of the used pseudo-language, </span><br><span class="line">the formalized parts are typeset in roman font, </span><br><span class="line">while the parts which are easier to explain in free text are in italic.</span><br><span class="line">⊕ denotes string concatenation, while ⇒ outputs the result of the algorithm</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>直接上三张图，看看大佬的工作：对于不同的流程（for,switch,if,do）给出的拆分方案,一切都安排得明明白白</p>
<p>文章默认预设变量与函数主体分离，并在开始处完成初始化（这其实也是个大问题，受限于文章篇幅不多加讨论）</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/561e168dfa87ff1589d67ecad7c9b5dd.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>文章举例第六图的transform_if，分支递归调用transform_block的内容。对于非结构性的流程，使用堆栈解决。</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/7a1d706ce348de1d50c27a043abcce46.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>同样的，对于try语句，通过递归调用flatten_block来取代transform_block</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/f6a76fc6d691b7db196eb3c34e1a8a10.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>老实说，这部分看的很迷糊，讲述了混淆具体流程的伪代码，但离工程实践还有些距离</p>
<h3 id="实验结果"><a href="#实验结果" class="headerlink" title="实验结果"></a>实验结果</h3><p>使用Columbus framework的CAN C++ analyzer进行分析，并进行基准测试</p>
<p>使用<em>McCabe</em> <em>Cyclomatic</em> <em>Complexity</em> <em>Metric</em> 测量软件复杂度，检验扁平控制流的混淆效果，实验结果表示函数复杂度有3到5倍的提升</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/2e2633922f7ffce447afd32ed1deb1e1.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<p>实验还对使用扁平控制流程序的资源消耗进行了统计。通过计算抽象语法树（AST）的节点树计算函数复杂度，使用X86架构GCC计算编译时间，测试环境是带有3Ghz CPU的Linux系统。从平均结果来看，函数大小和运行时间相比较于未处理前都翻了一倍。</p>
<p>如果只对特定函数（一些关键函数）做扁平化处理，时间和大小会更少更短，更符合实际需求。</p>
<p><img src="https://pic.rmb.bdstatic.com/bjh/d9995ba517aa7d52f5066f349e580472.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<h3 id="相关研究"><a href="#相关研究" class="headerlink" title="相关研究"></a>相关研究</h3><p>Collberg, Thomborson , Low 等人讲述了混淆的重要性，并总结了有关Java的混淆技术，并在后期文章里讲述了通过对java控制流插入花指令进行混淆，这种方法不会显著影响代码体积与运行时间</p>
<p>Sarmenta的报告研究了参数混淆，报告说明了如何使加密的函数被混淆，或者混淆的函数得到加密</p>
<p>Wroblewski在其博士论文中从汇编层面讨论了Low的代码混淆方法，并给出了新的混淆方法</p>
<p>文章提到了一个名为COBF的工具，但其指向的链接已失效。该工具实现了C++程序的重命名。</p>
<h3 id="未来展望"><a href="#未来展望" class="headerlink" title="未来展望"></a>未来展望</h3><p>文章中提到的扁平流控制算法，可以适用于多种编程语言，能有效提高函数复杂度。</p>
<p>改变扁平流程块的顺序可有效提高函数混淆效果，使用goto也能增加理解难度。</p>
<h2 id="工具"><a href="#工具" class="headerlink" title="工具"></a>工具</h2><p>用于解决Ollvm混淆用到的工具</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" href="https://github.com/JonathanSalwan/Triton">Triton</a></p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" href="https://github.com/angr/angr">angr</a></p>
<h2 id="CTF题目"><a href="#CTF题目" class="headerlink" title="CTF题目"></a>CTF题目</h2><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer" href="https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_52369224/article/details/122524328">buu-[RoarCTF2019]polyre</a></p>
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href="#%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%EF%BC%9AOBFUSCATING-C-PROGRAMS-VIA-CONTROL-FLOW-FLATTENING"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">报告概要翻译：OBFUSCATING C++ PROGRAMS VIA CONTROL FLOW FLATTENING</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">摘要</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">正文</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9C%A8C-%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%BE%E9%A2%98"><span class="toc-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">在C++语言上实现的难题</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">运行流控制算法</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C"><span class="toc-number">1.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">实验结果</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6"><span class="toc-number">1.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">相关研究</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B"><span class="toc-number">1.2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">未来展望</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">工具</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#CTF%E9%A2%98%E7%9B%AE"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">CTF题目</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div></div><div 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